Targeting premature cellular senescence using senomorphic or senolytic agents to impact diabetes.

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is closely associated with cellular senescence (SnC), a state of irreversible cell cycle arrest marked by functional decline. Preventing cellular senescence in already diagnosed DM patients is crucial for limiting disease progression and the onset of co-morbidities. The relationship between oxidative stress, DNA damage, and telomere shortening provides a mechanistic framework for elucidating the role of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis and progression of type 2 DM. This senescence-driven model of metabolic dysfunction not only accounts for impaired β-cell function and insulin resistance but also for the systemic complications observed in DM patients. The accumulation of senescent cells, particularly in metabolically active tissues such as adipose tissue, is increasingly recognized as both a cause and consequence of the chronic inflammatory environment that characterizes diabetes. Evidence from in vitro and preclinical studies highlight the detrimental effects of the senescence associated secretory phenotype, reinforcing tissue damage through paracrine and autocrine signalling mechanisms. Despite its complexity, approaches targeting the senescent phenotype offers a promising avenue for adjunct therapies. Senotherapeutics, such as senomorphic agents that protect cells from cytotoxic damage and mitigate oxidative stress, can potentially protect against disease onset, whereas senolytic agents have the potential to eliminate senescent cells to limit metabolic disease progression mitigating complications, and ultimately improving patient outcomes. There is, however, an urgent need to translate the preclinical findings into clinical trials to assess the safety, efficacy, and long-term effects of senotherapeutic agents.