The link between oral health and neurodegeneration: a review of periodontitis in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease and dementia.

Abstract

This review aims to explore the relationship between periodontitis and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and dementia. It also aims to evaluate the existing evidence and discuss whether periodontitis could be considered a modifiable risk factor in the prevention or progression of neurodegenerative conditions. Neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and dementia are among the most challenging health issues of our time, especially with aging populations worldwide. Interestingly, recent research suggests that the health of our mouth-particularly chronic gum disease known as periodontitis-might be more closely linked to brain health than we ever realized. This review explores the growing body of evidence connecting periodontitis with neurodegeneration. We examine how oral bacteria and the inflammation they cause can enter the bloodstream, reach the brain, and potentially trigger or worsen conditions like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. From preclinical models to clinical trials, the data show intriguing overlaps in the biological pathways involved, particularly inflammation, immune responses, and abnormal protein accumulation. While more research is still needed to confirm direct cause-and-effect relationships, the existing findings raise an important question: could improving oral health be a simple, preventive step toward protecting the brain? This review aims to shed light on that possibility and encourages further exploration into treating periodontitis not just as a dental issue, but as a potential key to slowing down or preventing neurodegenerative diseases.