Impact of Immunosenescence on Vaccine Immune Responses and Countermeasures.
Abstract
The biological progression of aging encompasses complex physiological processes. As individuals grow older, their physiological functions gradually decline, including compromised immune responses, leading to immunosenescence. Immunosenescence significantly elevates disease susceptibility and severity in older populations while concurrently compromising vaccine-induced immune responses. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the implications of immunosenescence for vaccine-induced immunity and facilitate the development of optimized vaccination strategies for geriatric populations, with specific focus on COVID-19, influenza, pneumococcal, herpes zoster, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) vaccines. This review further elucidates the relationship between immunosenescence and vaccine-induced immunity. This review presents a systematic evaluation of intervention strategies designed to enhance vaccine responses in older populations, encompassing adjuvant utilization, antigen doses, vaccination frequency modification, inflammatory response modulation, and lifestyle interventions, including physical activity and nutritional modifications. These strategies are explored for their potential to improve current vaccine efficacy and inform the development of next-generation vaccines for geriatric populations.
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Research summary
The paper addresses immunosenescence, a significant aspect of aging that affects immune responses and vaccine efficacy in older populations. While it provides a systematic evaluation of strategies to enhance vaccine responses, it primarily focuses on improving existing interventions rather than addressing the root causes of aging or proposing novel approaches to lifespan extension. Thus, it contributes solid research but has limited impact on the broader field of longevity research.
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