Age-associated Tissue Organisation Shifts Retinal Pigment Epithelium Actomyosin Plasticity in Phagocytosis

Abstract

Mechanical homeostasis in healthy tissues relies on a dynamic balance of mechanical properties essential for maintaining tissue integrity and function. Over the lifetime, this integrity decays due to structural reorganisation from extracellular remodelling or an imbalance of cell death and proliferation. This is particularly challenging in postmitotic tissues such as the retina, where lack of proliferation requires age-dependent structural adaptation. The retinal pigment epithelium exemplifies this adaptation, compensating for apoptotic events through morphological reconfiguration and cytoskeletal remodelling. To explore the connection between age-related structural changes and mechanical homeostasis, we developed an in vitro model mimicking cell density reduction observed in the human retinal pigmented epithelium during ageing. This model is characterised by reduced cell height, shortened apical microvilli, and alterations in the actin cytoskeleton. The resulting age-associated phenotype leads to significant biomechanical changes, including tissue stiffening, enhanced junctional contractility, and apical cell cortex remodelling. Transcriptional profiling revealed notable shifts in actin-associated gene expression, suggesting potentially altered plasticity when actin remodelling is necessary, as for the phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments. Structurally aged monolayers exhibit changes in phagocytic activity that mirror those seen in aged individuals. Additionally, we observed an impaired capacity for apico-lateral remodelling during the internalisation of photoreceptor outer segments. This altered activity can be partially corrected by regulating actin network remodelling capacity with inhibitors targeting the actin nucleators ARP2/3 and formins. Overall, our findings suggest that age-related structural changes in the postmitotic retinal pigment epithelium shift its mechanical homeostasis, impacting physiological functions of the outer retina crucial for healthy vision.